Never in the same shape
Python is a widely used general-purpose, high-level programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability, and its syntax allows programmers to express concepts in fewer lines of code than would be possible in languages such as C++ or Java
It can happen sometimes that we ourselves want to create and throw an exception. The reasons for doing this can be many. Often you might want to create a more specific exception, which signals a specific error to those who are using our code in the future.
Assertions (assert) are a very useful control tool to use when writing a code in the test (DEBUG) phase. Each assertion introduced in the code performs a check at a precise time of execution, using a condition. If the condition is satisfied then the execution goes forward, otherwise a Asserterror exception is raised that blocks the execution of the program.
After you open the file in read mode, you will need to read its contents. If the file is text-type, you can use the Read () method.
To write to a file, first you have to open a file in write mode, and then you use the Write () method specifying as an argument what we want to write
In the previous sections we have seen how to read and write the data within a file, but there are some precautions to follow. We have seen that it is important to always close the file we are working on while running the program.
The None object is used when you want to represent the absence of a value. It has very similar functions to NULL in other programming languages.
Dictionaries are a data structure used to arbitrarily map keys with values. The lists, which we have already seen before, can be thought of as dictionaries where the keys are a sequence of integers, where each number (index) corresponded to a value.
Dictionaries already have a fairly complex structure and therefore various functions are needed to manage them. However, there are clauses in and not in that allow you to know whether a key is present in a dictionary, returning True in the first case, False in the second.
After the lists and dictionaries, another type of structured data used is the tuple. The tuple is very similar to a list, except that once defined this is immutable (i.e. the values contained within cannot be modified). In Python, the tuple is recognizable as it is defined within parentheses ().
The slicing is a more advanced way of getting multiple items at the same time from a list. In fact if we want to get the elements between two indices of a list we can express the two extreme indexes separated by two points: